I'm sure this has been done before since it's pretty simple – I just couldn't find it quick enough when I needed it. And since it is so simple, it was easier to just create my own personal little calculator than dig around, find one, bookmark. (or worse yet, do the math on a little sticky note next to my computer) ;P
This calculator will let you enter in the original width and height of an image (or document, video or whatever). Then you enter the width (or height) of the size you need it scaled to (down or up). And it will tell you what the other side needs to be.
For example: I have an 800×600 image – I need it scaled down to fit in a 256 width area… what height will I need to make it? This tool will answer your question.